6. に ni
に ni can usually translated as ‘in’ or ‘to’, although it also has many idiomatic uses that may be translated by ‘at’ or ‘on’ by other English preposition.
(1) indicating time or location.
汽車は八時に出ます。 Kisha ha hachiji ni de masu. ; The train leaves at eight.
たくさんのお寺が京都にあります。 Takusan no otera ga Kyouto ni ari masu. ; There are many temples in Kyoto.
彼は土曜日に来ます。 Kare ha doyoubi ni ki masu. ; He arrives on Saturday.
(2) indicating an indirect object.
あなたは花子に手紙を送りましたか？ Anata ha Hanako ni tegami wo okuri mashita ka? ; Did you send a letter to Hanako?
(3) with verbs meaning ‘to become’ or ‘to seem’
子供は家内に似ています。 Kodomo ha kanai ni yoku nite imasu ; My child takes after my wife.
電車で病気になりました。 Densha de byoki ni nari mashita ; He became sick on the train.
7. へ e
へ e indicates motion and it equivalent ‘to’ English to or ‘into’.
僕はあす東京へ行きます。 Boku wa asu Tokyo ni iki masu. I shall go to Tokyo tomorrow.
森へ行きましょう。 Mori e iki masho ; Let’s go into woods.
8. で de
で de gathers together several concepts that you are not associated in English
(1) it is usually translatable as ‘with’ or ‘by’
鉛筆で書きました。 ennpitu de kaki mashita. ; I wrote with a pencil.
(2) location, usually translated as ‘at’
大学で日本語を勉強しました。 daigaku de nihongo wo benkyou shima sita. ; I studied at Japanese language at the univesity.
(3) reason or cause, translated as ‘because of’
私は試験で忙しい。 watashi ha siken de isogasii ; I am busy because of examinations.
9. も mo
も mo. When used alone is equivalent to ‘also’ or ‘too’ or ‘even’.
私も行きます。 Watashi mo iki masu. ; I am going too!
When used with a positive verb, is equivalent to English ‘both’.
家内も子供も帰ります。 Kanai mo kodomo mo kaeri masu. ; Both my wife and child will come back.
When used with a negative verb, is equivalent to English ‘neither’.
家内も子供も帰りません。 Kanai mo kodomo mo kaeri masen. ; Neither my wife nor my child will return.